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Enhanced interrogation techniques is a euphemism for the U.S. government's program of systematic torture of detainees by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), the Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) and various components of the U.S. Armed Forces at black sites around the world, including Bagram, Guantanamo Bay, and Abu Ghraib, authorized by officials of the George W. Bush administration.〔Euphemism for torture program * * * * * * * *〕 Methods used included prolonged stress positions, hooding, subjection to deafening noise, sleep deprivation to the point of hallucination, deprivation of food, drink, and withholding medical care for wounds — as well as waterboarding, walling, nakedness, subjection to extreme cold, confinement in small coffin-like boxes, and repeated slapping or beating.〔Gross, Michael. ''(Moral Dilemmas of Modern War )''. Cambridge University Press, 2010. p. 128. Quote: "enhanced interrogation techniques () include hooding or blindfolding, exposure to loud music and temperature extremes, slapping, starvation, wall standing and other stress positions and, in some cases, waterboarding. () In the United States, enhanced interrogation was reserved for terror suspects () These methods include shaking, slapping, beating, exposure to cold, stress positions and, in the United States, waterboarding."〕〔''(Terrorism: Commentary on Security Documents Volume 109: Terror-Based Interrogation )''. Oxford University Press, 2010. pp. 230-234〕 Several detainees endured "rectal rehydration," "rectal fluid resuscitation", and "rectal feeding." In addition to brutalizing detainees, there were threats to their families such as threats to harm children, and threats to sexually abuse or to cut the throat of, detainees's mothers.〔Threats to family * *〕 There has never been an authoritative tally of the number of detainees subjected to these methods, or of how many died under torture. The CIA admits to waterboarding three people implicated in the September 11 attacks: Abu Zubaydah, Khalid Shaikh Mohammed, and Mohammed al-Qahtani, and (although not admitted) the agency waterboarded Abd al-Rahim al-Nashiri; photos show a waterboard surrounded by buckets of water at the Salt Pit, a prison where the C.I.A. had claimed that waterboarding was never used.〔(2004 CIA Inspector General Report )〕 Three reported suicides at Guantánamo are alleged to have been homicides under torture; no criminal charges have been brought for these or for acknowledged torture related homicides at Abu Ghraib and at Bagram.〔Deaths under torture by US * * *〕 Debates arose over whether "enhanced interrogation" violated U.S. anti-torture statutes or international laws such as the UN Convention against Torture. In 2005 the CIA destroyed videotapes depicting prisoners being interrogated under torture; an internal justification was that what they showed was so horrific they would be "devastating to the CIA", and that "the heat from destroying is nothing compared to what it would be if the tapes ever got into public domain." The United Nations special rapporteur on torture, Juan Mendez stated that waterboarding is torture — "immoral and illegal," and in 2008, fifty-six House Democrats asked for an independent investigation. American and European officials including former CIA Director Leon Panetta, former CIA officers, a Guantanamo prosecutor, and a military tribunal judge, have called "enhanced interrogation" a euphemism for torture.〔("MSNBC News Anchor Brian Williams 5/3/11 interview with CIA Director Leon Pannetta" ), MSNBC〕〔McGreal, Chris ("Former senior Bush official on torture: 'I think what they did was wrong'" ), ''The Guardian'', April 5, 2012〕〔Moore, Molly,("Council of Europe Report Gives Details on CIA Prisons" ) ''Washington Post'' Foreign Service, June 9, 2007.〕〔Shane, Scott and Savage, Charlie, ("Bin Laden Raid Revives Debate on Value of Torture" ), ''New York Times'', May 3, 2011〕 In 2009 both President Barack Obama and Attorney General Eric Holder said that certain of the techniques are torture, and repudiated their use.〔(MSNBC Report of Obama speech describing techniques used at Guantanamo as torture ) MSNBC 1/9/2009; Stout, David, ("Holder Tells Senators Waterboarding is Torture" ) ''New York Times'' January 15, 2009.〕 They declined to prosecute CIA, DoD, or Bush administration officials who authorized the program, while leaving open the possibility of convening an investigatory "Truth Commission" for what President Obama called a "further accounting."〔(President Obama Discusses Possible Prosecution of Bush Administration Officials ) ABC News, April 21, 2009.〕 In July 2014, the European Court of Human Rights formally ruled that "enhanced interrogation" is torture, and ordered Poland to pay restitution to men tortured at a CIA black site there.〔Court confirms enhanced interrogation in Poland is torture * * *〕 In December 2014, the U.S. Senate made public around 10% of a report about the CIA's use of torture during the George W. Bush Presidency. See: Senate Intelligence Committee report on CIA torture. ==History of approval by the Bush administration== Almost immediately after the 9/11 attacks, Bush administration officials conferring by video link from bunkers decided to treat the attacks as an act of war, rather than merely crimes. The question arose: were captured prisoners to be treated as prisoners of war? Officials including Justice Department lawyer John Yoo recommended classifying them as "detainees" outside the protection of the Geneva Conventions, and incarcerating them in special prisons instead of the barracks-like "prisoner-of-war camp you saw in Hogan's Heroes or Stalag 17."〔 On September 17, 2001, President Bush signed a still-classified directive giving the CIA the power secretly to imprison and interrogate detainees. The US began to establish secret "black site" prisons overseas, beyond the constraints of US law. As early as November 2001 before any significant prisoners had been captured, the CIA general counsel wrote that “the Israeli example” could serve as “a possible basis for arguing . . . torture was necessary to prevent imminent, significant, physical harm to persons, where there is no other available means to prevent the harm." In April 2002 after the CIA had captured its first important prisoner, Abu Zabaydah, he was transferred to a CIA black site and at the suggestion of psychologist James Mitchell the CIA embarked on abuse including sleep deprivation using bright lights and loud music—prior to any legal authorization by the US Justice Department. Later that April Mr. Mitchell proposed to the C.I.A. a list of additional tactics, including locking people in cramped boxes, shackling them in painful positions, keeping them awake for a week at a time, covering them with insects, and waterboarding, which simulates drowning and which the United States had previously prosecuted as torture.〔 Jose Rodriguez, head of the CIA's clandestine service, asked his superiors for authorization for what Rodriguez called an "alternative set of interrogation procedures."〔("Hard Measures: Ex-CIA head defends post-9/11 tactics" ) (CBS ''60 Minutes'' interview: Leslie Stahl/ Jose Rodriquez) 4/29/12.〕 The CIA sought legal cover, immunity from prosecution known as a "get out of jail free card." In May 2002 US Government officials including CIA Director George Tenet, National Security Advisor Condoleezza Rice, Vice President Dick Cheney, Secretary of State Colin Powell, Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld, and Attorney General John Ashcroft met to discuss whether the CIA could legally use brutal techniques against Abu Zubaydah.〔("Bush Aides Linked to Talks on Interrogations" ) Mark Mazzetti, ''New York Times''〕〔 Condoleezza Rice mentioned "I recall being told that U.S. military personnel were subjected to training to certain physical and psychological interrogation techniques ..."〔Mark Mazzetti, ("Bush Aides Linked to Talks on Interrogations" ) ''New York Times'', September 24, 2008〕〔 ("Top Bush Advisors Approved 'Enhanced Interrogation' – Detailed Discussions Were Held About Techniques to Use on al Qaeda Suspects" ), By JAN CRAWFORD GREENBURG, HOWARD L. ROSENBERG and ARIANE de VOGUE, ABC News, April 9, 2008〕 During the discussions, John Ashcroft is reported as saying, "Why are we talking about this in the White House? History will not judge this kindly."〔("Bush aware of advisers’ interrogation talks" ) ABC News, April 11, 2008〕 After the Justice Department finished its "get out of jail free card" now known as the Torture Memos, Condoleezza Rice told the CIA the harsher interrogation tactics were approved, in July 2002.〔〔〔("As Bush Adviser, Rice Gave OK to Waterboard" ) Fox News, April 22, 2009〕〔"(Senate Report: Rice, Cheney OK'd CIA use of waterboarding )" CNN, April 23, 2009〕 Dick Cheney stated "I signed off on it; so did others."〔〔(Jason Leopold, "Cheney Admits He 'Signed Off' on Waterboarding of Three Guantanamo Prisoners" ), ''Atlantic Free Press'', December 29, 2008〕 In 2010, Cheney said, "I was and remain a strong proponent of our enhanced interrogation program."〔(February 14, 2010)"('This Week' Transcript: Former Vice President Dick Cheney )". ''This Week''. ABC. February 14, 2010. Retrieved February 27, 2010.〕 In 2009 Rice stated "We never tortured anyone;" she maintained the abuse was "not torture," "legal", and "right".〔(April 30, 2009, "Rice Defends Enhanced Interrogation" ) by Glenn Kessler〕 In addition, in 2002 and 2003, several Democratic congressional leaders were briefed on the proposed "enhanced interrogation techniques."〔(Joby Warrick and Dan Eggen "Hill Briefed on Waterboarding in 2002" ) ''The Washington Post'', December 9, 2007〕 These congressional leaders included Nancy Pelosi, the future Speaker of the House, and House Intelligence Committee Ranking Democrat Jane Harman.〔 Congressional officials have stated that the attitude in the briefings was "quiet acquiescence, if not downright support."〔 Ms. Harman was the only congressional leader to object to the tactics being proposed.〔("Report: Top Members of Congress Were OK With Waterboarding in 2002" ) Fox News, December 9, 2007〕 Former senator Bob Graham (D-Fla.), chairman of the Senate intelligence committee after the 9/11 attacks, questioned the accuracy of CIA statements about the substance of congressional briefings: he said he was not briefed on waterboarding and that in three instances agency officials said he attended briefings on days that his personal journal shows he did not.〔("CIA Chief Rebuts Pelosi's Charges" ) ''The Washington Post'', May 15, 2009〕 At least some Bush administration officials had opposed torturing prisoners, including notably Condoleezza Rice's most senior adviser Philip Zelikow.〔("Rachel Maddow Interview of Philip Zelikow, Transcript" ) MSNBC, April 23, 2009〕 Upon learning details of the program, Zelikow wrote a memo to Rice contesting the Justice Department's Torture Memos, believing them wrong both legally and as a matter of policy.〔 Zelikow's memo warned that the interrogation techniques breached US law, and could lead to prosecutions for war crimes.〔〔Horton, Scott, ("Witness for the Prosecution" ), ''Harper's Magazine,'' April 5, 2012.〕 The Bush Administration attempted to collect all the copies of Zelikow's memo and destroy them.〔〔(Michael Isikoff "We Could Have Done This the Right Way" ) ''Newsweek'', April 25, 2009〕 Jane Mayer, author of the ''Dark Side'',〔Mayer,''The Dark Side: The Inside Story of How the War on Terror Turned into a War on American Ideals'' (2008) ISBN 0-385-52639-3〕 quotes Zelikow as predicting that "America's descent into torture will in time be viewed like the Japanese internments", in that "(f)ear and anxiety were exploited by zealots and fools."〔Horton, Scott, ("Six Questions for Jane Mayer, Author of the Dark Side" ), ''Harper's Magazine'', 14 July 2008〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「enhanced interrogation techniques」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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